When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 they were surprised to come across tanks that were superior to their own in armor and firepower. The T-34 and KV tanks had 76mm guns that could penetrate the armor of the Panzers even at long ranges while their sloped armor protected them from the German A/T and tank guns.
2). Upgrading the tank fleet
Combat reports
The appearance of these vehicles forced the Germans to take emergency measures. The immediate effort was concentrated in:
1). Introducing a new A/T gun
2). Up gunning and up armoring their Pz III, Pz IV and Stug vehicles
3). Using the chassis of old vehicles (like the Pz II and Pz 38) coupled with captured Soviet 76mm A/T guns or the new Pak 40 as mobile tank destroyers.
The long term solution was of course to design new tanks that could deal with the T-34 and KV. These were the Tiger and Panther vehicles.
Let’s take a look at the German effort:
1). The Pak 97/38 A/T gun
The Germans had captured a large number of French 75 mm ‘Model 1897’ guns and these were used together with the carriage of the 50mm Pak 38. This was an interim solution till the Pak 40 went into mass production. In 1942 2.854 Pak 97’s were built and in 1943 858.
The Pak 40 – KwK 40 gun
The new gun that could deal with the Soviet tanks was the 75mm Pak 40 L/46 and its tank version KwK 40 in the L/43 and L/48 models. The Pak 40/ KwK 40 had great penetration statistics (armor penetrated at 30 degrees from vertical):
ammo | weight | Velocity (m/s) | 500 | 1,000 | 1,500 | 2,000 | |
KwK40 L/43 | Pzgr 39 | 6.8 | 740 | 89 | 78 | 68 | 60 |
Pak 40 L/46 | Pzgr 39 | 6.8 | 750 | 91 | 80 | ||
KwK40 L/48 | Pzgr 39 | 6.8 | 770 | 96 | 84 | 74 | 65 |
The Pak 40 was built in large numbers in the period 1942-45 and the KwK version was installed in the Pz IV and Stug III:
1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | Total | |
7.5cm Pak 40 | 2,114 | 8,740 | 11,728 | 721 | 23,303 |
The main German tank in the period 1941-43 was the PzIII. It weighed roughly 22 tons and was armed with a 50mm gun. Initially it had 30mm of frontal hull and turret armor and its gun was the 50mm L/42. In 1942 it received the more powerful 50mm L/60 gun and armor was upgraded to 50mm (plus 20mm plates bolted on in some vehicles). The last version built (Ausf N) had the 75mm L/24 gun. Roughly half of the Pz III’s in the East in the summer of 1942 had the long 50mm L/60 gun.
The PzIV was the main German tank in the period 1943-45. It weighed 25 tons and was equipped with a 75m caliber gun. In 1941 it had a low velocity 75mm gun effective against infantry but not armored targets and its armor was 30mm for front hull and turret. In 1942 it received the KwK 40 L/43 and armor was upgraded to 50mm for hull and turret (plus 30mm bolted on for the hull in some vehicles). In 1943 the hull armor was raised to 80mm and the Kwk 40 L/48 was installed. More than a third of the Pz IV’s in the East in the summer of 1942 had the Kwk 40 gun. However in the area of AGS the ratio was significantly higher as almost half had the new gun.
The Stug III was used by infantry and tank destroyer units. In 1941 it had a low velocity 75mm gun and frontal armor was 50mm. In 1942 it received the KwK40 and armor was upgraded to 50mm plus 30mm bolted on plates. From 1943 the G version had 80mm standard armor and all Stug’s had the kwk 40 L/48. Units in the East started receiving Stug III’s with the KwK 40 gun in the first half of 1942.
1941 | 1942 | 1943 | |
Pz III 50mm L/42 | 1,649 | 251 | |
Pz III 50mm L/60 | 64 | 1,907 | 22 |
Pz III 75mm L/24 | 449 | 213 | |
Pz IV 75mm L/24 | 480 | 117 | |
Pz IV 75mm L/43 | 877 | 598 | |
Pz IV 75mm L/48 | 2,425 | ||
Stug III 75mm L/24 | 540 | 93 | |
Stug III 75mm L/43 | 330 | ||
Stug III 75mm L/48 | 365 | 3,011 |
3). Marder series tank destroyers
The chassis of the obsolete tanks Pz II and Pz 38 was used to mount captured Soviet 76mm A/T guns and once it went into mass production the Pak 40:
1942 | 1943 | Sum | ||
Pz 38 76.2mm Pak | 344 | 19 | 363 | |
Pz 38 Pak 40 Marder III | 110 | 799 | 909 | |
Pz II Pak 40 Marder II | 327 | 204 | 531 | |
Pz II 76.2mm Pak | 184 | 8 | 192 | |
Sum | 965 | 1,030 | 1,995 |
As we can see the main German response was the introduction of the Pak 40/Kwk 40 and its installation in the Pz IV, Stug and Marder vehicles. This gun gave the Germans a big advantage in armored warfare as it could reliably penetrate the Soviet vehicles at long ranges.
The Kwk 40 was as powerful as the US 76mm M1 tankgun (used on the improved M4 Sherman) and the Soviet 85mm ZiS-S-53 (used on the T-34/85) but it was introduced 2 years earlier!
The superior performance of the German gun is confirmed by a Yugoslav test which showed that the Pak 40 could penetrate the T-34/85 at the following distances:
hull front | hull sides | turret front | turret sides | |
75mm Pak 40 | 1,300 | 1,750 | 1,000 | 1,750 |
76mm M1 | 1,100 | 1,500 | 900 | 1,500 |
85mm ZiS-S-53 | 1,200 | 1,750 | 1,000 | 1,500 |
The following are excerpts from German combat reports found in ‘Panzertruppen’ volumes 1 and 2:
Report of Panzer Regiment 33, dated 31 July 1942:
‘Penetration ability of the long 75mm gun KWK 40 /L43 panzergranate 39 against the T-34: The T-34 is cleanly penetrated at every angle that it is hit at ranges up to 1.200 meters’
‘T34: The T34 that was far superior to the German Panzers up to the beginning of the Spring of 1942 is now inferior to the German long 5 cm Kw.K. L/60 and 7.5 cm Kw.K.40 L/43 tank guns. After the Russians attacked the German Panzer forces in several battles with the T34 and received heavy losses, they didn't send the T34 tank against the German Panzers so long as they had a chance to with-draw’
Report of 5thPanzer Division for period 22 February to 20 March 1943:
‘7.5cm KwK 40 L/43 in 4 Pz IV: 17 KW-1, 26 T-34, 1 T-26, 1 Mark II, 3 Mark III, 1 General Lee. Pzgr.39 was fired at ranges from 1.200 to 1.600 meters. Every hit caused a destructive effect with the tank going up in flames. Two to three Pzgr.39 rounds were expended per tank killed. Gr.38 HL/E1 ammunition was seldom used. One to five rounds were required to set an enemy tank on fire.’
April 1943 report by Grossdeutschland division:
‘1. In the period from 7 March to 20 March 1943, 250 T34, 16 T60 or T70 and 3 KW-1 tanks were knocked out.
2. The number of kills scored by each type of weapon were:
188 by Pz.Kpfw.IV 7.5 cm lang,
41 by Sturmgeschuetz 7.5 cm lang,
30 by Pz.Kpfw.VI (Tiger),
4 by 7.5 cm Pak (mot Zug),
4 by 7.5 cm Pak (Sfl),
1 by a direct hit from a s.I.G.
1 using a Hafthohlladung (hand-held shaped charge)’
1 using a Hafthohlladung (hand-held shaped charge)’
Sources: ‘Panzertruppen’, ‘Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschen Heeres 1933 – 1945’, ‘Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf.G, H and J 1942-45’, ‘Encyclopedia Of German Tanks Of World War Two’, ‘Kursk 1943: a statistical analysis’, tanknet forum